Python module

last modified January 29, 2024

In this article we work with Python modules. Several examples show how to create and use Python modules.

A module is a file containing Python code. Python modules have the .py extension.

Python code can be managed using:

- functions

- classes

- modules

- packages

Python modules are used to organize Python code. For example, database related code is placed inside a database module, security code in a security module etc. Smaller Python scripts can have one module. But larger programs are split into several modules. Modules are grouped together to form packages.

The .pyc file

Python caches the compiled content of modules in .pyc files to speed up loading modules. Python compiles the program source code into byte code. To improve performance, it caches the byte code on the file system whenever the source file has changes.

This caching makes loading of Python modules much faster because the compilation phase can be bypassed. Python caches the compiled version of each module in the pycache directory under the name module.version.pyc.

Python checks the modification date of the source against the compiled version to see if it’s out of date and needs to be recompiled

main.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import compileall

compileall.compile_dir(’lib/’, force=True)

The compileall module can be used to programtically compile Python modules.

Python module names

A module name is the file name with the .py extension. When we have a file called empty.py, empty is the module name. The name is a variable that holds the name of the module being referenced. The current module, the module being executed (called also the main module) has a special name: ‘main’. With this name it can be referenced from the Python code.

We have two files in the current working directory: empty.py and test_empty.py. The second module is the main module, which is executed. It imports the first module. Modules are imported using the import keyword.

empty.py

""" An empty module """

This is empty.py module.

test_empty.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import empty import sys

print(name) print(empty.name) print(sys.name)

In this code example we import two modules: the built-in module sys and one custom module empty. We print the names of modules to the console.

$ ./test_empty.py main empty sys

The name of the module, which is being executed is always ‘main’. Other modules are named after the file name. Modules can be imported into other modules using the import keyword.

Python locating modules

When a module is imported the interpreter first searches for a built-in module with that name. If not found, it then searches in a list of directories given by the variable sys.path. The sys.path is a list of strings that specifies the search path for modules. It consists of the current working directory, directory names specified in the PYTHONPATH environment variable, and some additional installation dependent directories. If the module is not found, an ImportError is raised.

locating_modules.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import sys import textwrap

sp = sorted(sys.path) dnames = ‘, ‘.join(sp)

print(textwrap.fill(dnames))

The script prints all directories from sys.path variable.

import textwrap

The textwrap module is used for easy formatting of paragraphs.

sp = sorted(sys.path)

We retrieve a list of directories from the sys.path variable and sort them.

dnames = ‘, ‘.join(sp)

We make a string out of the list.

$ ./locating_modules.py /home/jano/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages, /home/jano/tmp/py, /usr/lib/python3.10, /usr/lib/python3.10/lib-dynload, /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages, /usr/lib/python310.zip, /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages

Python import keyword

The import keyword can be used in several ways.

from module import *

This construct will import all Python definitions into the namespace of another module. There is one exception. Objects beginning with underscore character _ are not imported. They are expected to be used only internally by the module being imported. This way of importing modules is not recommended.

everything.py

#!/usr/bin/python

from math import *

print(cos(3)) print(pi)

This import construct has imported all definitions from the built-in math module. We can call the math functions directly, without referencing the math module.

$ ./everything.py -0.9899924966004454 3.141592653589793

The use of this import construct may result in namespace pollution. We may have several objects of the same name and their definitions can be overridden.

pollution.py

#!/usr/bin/python

from math import *

pi = 3.14

print(cos(3)) print(pi)

The example will print 3.14 to the console. Which may not be what we wanted. The namespace pollution may become critical in larger projects.

Python objects that are not imported

The following example shows definitions that are not being imported using this import construct.

names.py

#!/usr/bin/python

""" names is a test module """

_version = 1.0

names = [“Paul”, “Frank”, “Jessica”, “Thomas”, “Katherine”]

def show_names():

for i in names:
   print(i)

def _show_version():

print(_version)

test_names.py

#!/usr/bin/python

from names import *

print(locals())

show_names()

The _version variable and the _show_version function are not imported into the test_names module. We do not see them in the namespace. The locals function give us all the definitions available in the module.

Importing specific objects

With the from and import keywords, it is possible to import only some objects.

from module import fun, var

This import construct imports only specific objects from a module. This way we import only definitions that we need.

import_specific.py

#!/usr/bin/python

from math import sin, pi

print(sin(3)) print(pi)

We import two objects from the math module. There is no way how we could reference other definitions such as a cos function.

imnames.py

#!/usr/bin/python

from names import _version, _show_version

print(_version) _show_version()

We could also import definitions beginning with an underscore. But this is a bad practice.

$ ./imnames.py 1.0 1.0

Python import module

The last construct is most widely used.

import module

It prevents the namespace pollution and enables to access all definitions from a module.

impmod.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import math

pi = 3.14

print(math.cos(3)) print(math.pi) print(math.sin(3)) print(pi)

In this case, we reference the definitions via the module name. As we can see, we are able to use both pi variables. Our definition and the one from the math module.

$ ./impmod.py -0.9899924966004454 3.141592653589793 0.1411200080598672 3.14

Python aliasing modules

We can create an alias for the module with the as keyword.

importas.py

#!/usr/bin/python

importas.py

import math as m

print(m.pi) print(m.cos(3))

We can change the name through which we can reference the module. To do this, we use the as keyword.

$ ./importas.py 3.14159265359 -0.9899924966

ImportError

An ImportError is raised if a module cannot be imported.

importerror.py

#!/usr/bin/python

try: import empty2 except ImportError as e: print(‘Failed to import:’, e)

We have not created an empty2 module. Therefore an exception is raised.

$ ./importerror.py Failed to import: No module named empty2

Python loads a module once and keeps it in memory, until you reload it. Calling reload is one way to ensure that your module is up-to-date even if the file on disk has changed.

–>

Executing Python modules

Modules can be imported into other modules or they can be also executed. Module authors often create a testing suite to test the module. Only if the module is executed as a script, the name attribute equals to ‘main’.

We will demonstrate this on a fibonacci module. Fibonacci numbers is a sequence of numbers, where each is the sum of its two immediate predecessors.

fibonacci.py

#!/usr/bin/python

""" A module containing the fibonacci function. """

def fib(n):

a, b = 0, 1

while b < n:

    print(b, end=" ")
    (a, b) = (b, a + b)

testing

if name == ‘main’: fib(500)

The module can be normally imported as usual. The module can be also executed.

$ ./fibonacci.py 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377

If we do import the fibonacci module, the test is not executed automatically.

>>> import fibonacci as fib >>> fib.fib(500) 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377

The fibonacci module is imported and the fib function is executed.

Python dir function

The built-in dir function gives a sorted list of strings containing the names defined by a module.

dirfun.py

#!/usr/bin/python

""" This is dirfun module """

import math, sys

version = 1.0

names = [“Paul”, “Frank”, “Jessica”, “Thomas”, “Katherine”]

def show_names():

for i in names: print(i)

print(dir())

In this module, we import two system modules. We define a variable, a list and a function.

print(dir())

The dir function returns all the names available in the current namespace of the module.

$ ./dirfun.py [’builtins’, ‘cached’, ‘doc’, ‘file’, ‘loader’, ‘name’, ‘package’, ‘spec’, ‘math’, ’names’, ‘show_names’, ‘sys’, ‘version’]

We can see some built-in names like ‘file’ or ‘name’ and all the others that we have defined and imported.

Python globals function

The globals function returns a dictionary that represents the current global namespace. It is a dictionary of global names and their values. It is the dictionary of the current module.

globalsfun.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import textwrap

version = 1.0

def myfun(): pass

gl = globals() gnames = ‘, ‘.join(gl)

print(textwrap.fill(gnames))

We use the globals function to print all the global names of the current module.

$ ./globalsfun.py textwrap, package, version, builtins, name, spec, doc, gl, cached, myfun, loader, file

These are the global names of the current module.

Python module attribute

The module class attribute has the name of the module in which the class is defined.

animals.py

""" module animals """

class Cat: pass

class Dog: pass

This are the contents of the animals.py file. We have two classes.

mclass.py

#!/usr/bin/python

from animals import Cat

class Being: pass

b = Being() print(b.module)

c = Cat() print(c.module)

In this code we use the module attribute.

from animals import Cat

From the animals module, we import the Cat class.

class Being: pass

In the current module, we define a class Being.

b = Being() print(b.module)

An instance of the Being class is created. We print the name of its module.

c = Cat() print(c.module)

We create an object from the Cat class. We also print the module where it was defined.

$ ./mclass.py main animals

The current module’s name is ‘main’. And the Cat’s module name is animals.

Source

Python modules - language reference

In this article we covered Python modules.

Author

My name is Jan Bodnar, and I am a passionate programmer with extensive programming experience. I have been writing programming articles since 2007. To date, I have authored over 1,400 articles and 8 e-books. I possess more than ten years of experience in teaching programming.

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